Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and 3D Printing: 3D Printing

3D printing transforms abstract anatomy into tactile, patient-specific models, enhancing spatial learning and retention over 2D images or textbooks. It enables risk-free surgical practice with customizable simulators, reducing learning curves and improving skills before patient contact. These models, derived from real scans, promote personalized, interdisciplinary training and prepare students for precision medicine using custom implants and prosthetics.